Difference between revisions of "Hard Disk Drive"

From Indie IT Wiki
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 +
== Solid State Drive SSD ==
 +
 +
=== Improve Performance ===
 +
 +
Long Boot Time
 +
 +
 +
=== Fix Long Boot Time Delay ===
 +
 +
Disable fstrim ...
 +
 +
sudo -i
 +
rm /var/lib/systemd/timers/stamp-fstrim.timer
 +
systemctl stop fstrim.service fstrim.timer
 +
systemctl disable fstrim.service fstrim.timer
 +
systemctl mask fstrim.service fstrim.timer
 +
shutdown -r
 +
 +
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1165128/fstrim-is-causing-high-boot-time
 +
 +
== Encryption ==
 +
 +
=== Standard With Passphrase ===
 +
 +
How to encrypt an external backup drive in Linux.
 +
 +
Switch to root user...
 +
 +
sudo -i
 +
 +
Wipe hard drive...
 +
 +
wipe2fs -a /dev/sdX
 +
 +
Install software...
 +
 +
apt-get install cryptsetup
 +
 +
Encrypt drive...
 +
 +
cryptsetup --verbose --verify-passphrase luksFormat /dev/sdX
 +
 +
Unlock drive...
 +
 +
cryptsetup --verbose luksOpen /dev/sdX securebackup
 +
 +
Format drive...
 +
 +
mkfs -t ext4 -m 1 -O dir_index,filetype,sparse_super /dev/mapper/securebackup
 +
 +
Create directory to mount drive...
 +
 +
mkdir /mnt/usb
 +
 +
Mount drive...
 +
 +
mount -v /dev/mapper/securebackup /mnt/usb/
 +
 +
Backup files...
 +
 +
rsync -av /home /mnt/usb/
 +
 +
Unmount drive...
 +
 +
umount /mnt/usb
 +
 +
Lock drive...
 +
 +
cryptsetup luksClose securebackup
 +
 +
=== Optional With Key File ===
 +
 +
Create key file to unlock automatically...
 +
 +
sudo dd if=/dev/urandom of=/root/keyfile bs=1024 count=4
 +
cryptsetup --verbose luksAddKey /dev/sdX /root/keyfile
 +
 +
Unlock drive using key file...
 +
 +
cryptsetup --verbose --key-file /root/keyfile luksOpen /dev/sdX securebackup
 +
 +
Mount drive...
 +
 +
mount -v /dev/mapper/securebackup /mnt/usb/
 +
 +
Backup files...
 +
 +
rsync -av /home /mnt/usb/
 +
 +
Unmount drive...
 +
 +
umount /mnt/usb
 +
 +
Lock drive...
 +
 +
cryptsetup luksClose securebackup
 +
 +
https://www.wikihow.com/Encrypt-an-External-Hard-Drive-on-Linux
 +
 
== Seagate ==
 
== Seagate ==
  
 
[https://www.bugaco.com/calculators/seagate_date_code.php Seagate date code calculator]
 
[https://www.bugaco.com/calculators/seagate_date_code.php Seagate date code calculator]
 +
 +
== Reduce Reserved Space To Increase Available Space ==
 +
 +
Format the drive with 1% reserved space instead of the usual 5% ...
 +
 +
sudo mkfs.ext4 -m 1 /dev/xxxxx
  
 
== Find Hard Drive Serial '''Windows''' ==
 
== Find Hard Drive Serial '''Windows''' ==
Line 18: Line 123:
 
== Windows Monitoring Software ==
 
== Windows Monitoring Software ==
  
−
Current build of Windows GUI for [https://www.smartmontools.org/ smartmontools] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/smartmontools/files/smartmontools/6.6/ here].
+
Current build of Windows GUI for [https://www.smartmontools.org/ smartmontools] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/smartmontools/files/ here].
  
 
Daily builds can be found [http://builds.smartmontools.org/ here].
 
Daily builds can be found [http://builds.smartmontools.org/ here].
Line 85: Line 190:
  
 
  smartctl 5.43 2012-06-30 r3573 [x86_64-linux-3.3.8-gentoo] (local build)
 
  smartctl 5.43 2012-06-30 r3573 [x86_64-linux-3.3.8-gentoo] (local build)
−
  Copyright (C) 2002-12 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
+
  Copyright (C) 2002-12 by Bruce Allen, <nowiki>http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net</nowiki>
  
 
The examples below use '''/dev/sda''' as the first internal hard disk drive, and '''/dev/sdb''' as the external usb drive.
 
The examples below use '''/dev/sda''' as the first internal hard disk drive, and '''/dev/sdb''' as the external usb drive.

Latest revision as of 10:18, 14 September 2024

Solid State Drive SSD

Improve Performance

Long Boot Time


Fix Long Boot Time Delay

Disable fstrim ... 

sudo -i
rm /var/lib/systemd/timers/stamp-fstrim.timer
systemctl stop fstrim.service fstrim.timer
systemctl disable fstrim.service fstrim.timer
systemctl mask fstrim.service fstrim.timer
shutdown -r

https://askubuntu.com/questions/1165128/fstrim-is-causing-high-boot-time

Encryption

Standard With Passphrase

How to encrypt an external backup drive in Linux.

Switch to root user... 

sudo -i

Wipe hard drive... 

wipe2fs -a /dev/sdX

Install software... 

apt-get install cryptsetup

Encrypt drive... 

cryptsetup --verbose --verify-passphrase luksFormat /dev/sdX

Unlock drive... 

cryptsetup --verbose luksOpen /dev/sdX securebackup

Format drive... 

mkfs -t ext4 -m 1 -O dir_index,filetype,sparse_super /dev/mapper/securebackup

Create directory to mount drive... 

mkdir /mnt/usb

Mount drive... 

mount -v /dev/mapper/securebackup /mnt/usb/

Backup files... 

rsync -av /home /mnt/usb/

Unmount drive... 

umount /mnt/usb

Lock drive... 

cryptsetup luksClose securebackup

Optional With Key File

Create key file to unlock automatically... 

sudo dd if=/dev/urandom of=/root/keyfile bs=1024 count=4
cryptsetup --verbose luksAddKey /dev/sdX /root/keyfile

Unlock drive using key file... 

cryptsetup --verbose --key-file /root/keyfile luksOpen /dev/sdX securebackup

Mount drive... 

mount -v /dev/mapper/securebackup /mnt/usb/

Backup files... 

rsync -av /home /mnt/usb/

Unmount drive... 

umount /mnt/usb

Lock drive... 

cryptsetup luksClose securebackup

https://www.wikihow.com/Encrypt-an-External-Hard-Drive-on-Linux

Seagate

Seagate date code calculator

Reduce Reserved Space To Increase Available Space

Format the drive with 1% reserved space instead of the usual 5% ... 

sudo mkfs.ext4 -m 1 /dev/xxxxx

Find Hard Drive Serial Windows

Open Powershell 

wmic path win32_physicalmedia get SerialNumber

Microsoft

ZALMAN Clever Hard Disk Drive External Case

Through Virtual Driver technology, and touch pad with screen, you can this to mount your hard drive as a CDROM or USB drive.

ZM-VE500

Windows Monitoring Software

Current build of Windows GUI for smartmontools here.

Daily builds can be found here.

Western Digital WD Warranty Check

http://wdsupport.wdc.com/warranty/serialinput.asp?custtype=end&requesttype=warranty&lang=en

Western Digital WD Support Area Product Registered

https://westerndigital.secure.force.com/ind/ID_ProductsRegistered

Stop Spinning USB Hard Disk Drive

Make sure it is not mounted, then run the following command... 

sdparm --readonly --command=stop /dev/sdX

USB 3 Details

[48207.031486] usb 9-1: new SuperSpeed USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd

Checking For Bad Sectors

badblocks -s /dev/sdX1

Western Digital WD Idle Timer Load Cycle Count

http://www.jzab.de/content/wdidle-bootcd

or

http://www.ultimatebootcd.com/download.html 

WDIDLE3 /D

or

http://idle3-tools.sourceforge.net/ 

thinkpad ~ # smartctl --device=sat --all /dev/sda |grep 'Load_Cycle_Count'
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   105   105   000    Old_age   Always       -       286710

thinkpad ~ # emerge -q sys-apps/idle3-tools
>>> Verifying ebuild manifests
>>> Emerging (1 of 1) sys-apps/idle3-tools-0.9.1
>>> Installing (1 of 1) sys-apps/idle3-tools-0.9.1
>>> Recording sys-apps/idle3-tools in "world" favorites file...
thinkpad ~ # idle3ctl -g /dev/sda
Idle3 timer set to 40 (0x28)
thinkpad ~ # idle3ctl -d /dev/sda
Idle3 timer disabled
Please power cycle your drive off and on for the new setting to be taken into account. A reboot will not be enough!

Identify Drives

ls -la /dev/disk/by-id

Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology System (S.M.A.R.T.)

Linux uses SmartMonTools to access the SMART information. 

smartctl 5.43 2012-06-30 r3573 [x86_64-linux-3.3.8-gentoo] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-12 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

The examples below use /dev/sda as the first internal hard disk drive, and /dev/sdb as the external usb drive.

Scan For Devices

smartctl --scan

Device Driver

smartctl --device=test /dev/sda

/dev/sda: Device of type 'scsi' [SCSI] detected
/dev/sda [SAT]: Device open changed type from 'scsi' to 'sat'
/dev/sda [SAT]: Device of type 'sat' [ATA] opened

So, we use the sat driver for this device.

Turn SMART Feature ON

smartctl --device=sat --smart=on /dev/sda

Information

smartctl --device=sat --all /dev/sda

Health Check

smartctl --device=sat --health /dev/sda

Tests - Internal Drives

Self-Test: Short (internal SATA) 

smartctl --device=sat --test=short /dev/sda

Self-Test: Medium (internal SATA) 

smartctl --device=sat --test=conveyance /dev/sda

Self-Test: Long (internal SATA) 

smartctl --device=sat --test=long /dev/sda

Tests - USB External Drives

Self-Test: Short 

smartctl --device=sat,16 --test=short /dev/sdb

Self-Test: Medium 

smartctl --device=sat,16 --test=conveyance /dev/sdb

Self-Test: Long 

smartctl --device=sat,16 --test=long /dev/sdb

The last long test on an external USB drive may need to be combined with this series of commands to stop the kernel from sleeping the drive:- 

while true; do dd if=/dev/sdX iflag=direct count=1 of=/dev/null; sleep 60s; done

Tests Stop

smartctl --device=sat --abort /dev/sda

Show Test Logs

Terminal:~$

sudo smartctl --device=sat --log=selftest /dev/sdX

The output should look like the following:

smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.16.0-31-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%     62071         -
# 2  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     57922         -
# 3  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     51265         -

Show Hard Drive Details and Test Logs

Terminal:~$ 

sudo smartctl -i --device=sat --log=selftest /dev/sdX

The output should look like the following:

smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-38-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Western Digital Caviar SE Serial ATA
Device Model:     WDC WD800JD-60JRA0
Serial Number:    WD-WMAMD2064823
Firmware Version: 05.01C05
User Capacity:    80,026,361,856 bytes [80.0 GB] 
Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ATA/ATAPI-7 (minor revision not indicated)
Local Time is:    Tue Oct 14 13:06:35 2014 BST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%     62071         -
# 2  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     57922         -
# 3  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     51265         -

Daily, Weekly, Monthly Checks In CRON

# hard disk drive checks
@daily /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --all /dev/sda && /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --all /dev/sdb && /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --all /dev/sdc
@weekly /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --test=short /dev/sda && /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --test=short /dev/sdb && /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --test=short /dev/sdc
@monthly /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --test=long /dev/sda && /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --test=long /dev/sdb && /usr/sbin/smartctl --device=sat --test=long /dev/sdc

How To Stop A Hard Disk Drive From Power Management Sleep During SMART Tests

 while true; do dd if=/dev/sdX iflag=direct count=1 of=/dev/null; sleep 60s; done

Mac OS X / MacOS

./smartctl --help smartctl 6.5 2016-05-07 r4318 [Darwin 16.6.0 x86_64] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

Usage: smartctl [options] device

Show Information Options

 -h, --help, --usage
        Display this help and exit

 -V, --version, --copyright, --license
        Print license, copyright, and version information and exit

 -i, --info
        Show identity information for device

 --identify[=[w][nvb]]
        Show words and bits from IDENTIFY DEVICE data                (ATA)

 -g NAME, --get=NAME
       Get device setting: all, aam, apm, lookahead, security, wcache, rcache, wcreorder

 -a, --all
        Show all SMART information for device

 -x, --xall
        Show all information for device

 --scan
        Scan for devices

 --scan-open
        Scan for devices and try to open each device

SMARTCTL Run-Time Behaviour Options

 -q TYPE, --quietmode=TYPE                                           (ATA)
        Set smartctl quiet mode to one of: errorsonly, silent, noserial

 -d TYPE, --device=TYPE
        Specify device type to one of: ata, scsi, nvme[,NSID], sat[,auto][,N][+TYPE], usbcypress[,X], usbjmicron[,p][,x][,N], usbprolific, usbsunplus, auto, test

 -T TYPE, --tolerance=TYPE                                           (ATA)
        Tolerance: normal, conservative, permissive, verypermissive

 -b TYPE, --badsum=TYPE                                              (ATA)
        Set action on bad checksum to one of: warn, exit, ignore

 -r TYPE, --report=TYPE
        Report transactions (see man page)

 -n MODE, --nocheck=MODE                                             (ATA)
        No check if: never, sleep, standby, idle (see man page)

Device Feature Enable/Disable Commands

 -s VALUE, --smart=VALUE
       Enable/disable SMART on device (on/off)

 -o VALUE, --offlineauto=VALUE                                       (ATA)
       Enable/disable automatic offline testing on device (on/off)

 -S VALUE, --saveauto=VALUE                                          (ATA)
       Enable/disable Attribute autosave on device (on/off)

 -s NAME[,VALUE], --set=NAME[,VALUE]
       Enable/disable/change device setting: aam,[N|off], apm,[N|off],
       lookahead,[on|off], security-freeze, standby,[N|off|now],
       wcache,[on|off], rcache,[on|off], wcreorder,[on|off]

Read and Display Options

 -H, --health
       Show device SMART health status

 -c, --capabilities                                            (ATA, NVMe)
       Show device SMART capabilities

 -A, --attributes
       Show device SMART vendor-specific Attributes and values

 -f FORMAT, --format=FORMAT                                          (ATA)
       Set output format for attributes: old, brief, hex[,id|val]

 -l TYPE, --log=TYPE
       Show device log. TYPE: error, selftest, selective, directory[,g|s],
                              xerror[,N][,error], xselftest[,N][,selftest],
                              background, sasphy[,reset], sataphy[,reset],
                              scttemp[sts,hist], scttempint,N[,p],
                              scterc[,N,M], devstat[,N], ssd,
                              gplog,N[,RANGE], smartlog,N[,RANGE],
                              nvmelog,N,SIZE

 -v N,OPTION , --vendorattribute=N,OPTION                            (ATA)
       Set display OPTION for vendor Attribute N (see man page)

 -F TYPE, --firmwarebug=TYPE                                         (ATA)
       Use firmware bug workaround:
       none, nologdir, samsung, samsung2, samsung3, xerrorlba, swapid

 -P TYPE, --presets=TYPE                                             (ATA)
       Drive-specific presets: use, ignore, show, showall

 -B [+]FILE, --drivedb=[+]FILE                                       (ATA)
       Read and replace [add] drive database from FILE
       [default is +/usr/local/etc/smart_drivedb.h
        and then    /usr/local/share/smartmontools/drivedb.h]

Device Self-Test Options

 -t TEST, --test=TEST
       Run test. TEST: offline, short, long, conveyance, force, vendor,N,
                       select,M-N, pending,N, afterselect,[on|off]

 -C, --captive
       Do test in captive mode (along with -t)

 -X, --abort
       Abort any non-captive test on device

SMARTCTL Examples

 smartctl -a disk0                            (Prints all SMART information)

 smartctl -t long /dev/disk0              (Executes extended disk self-test)

 smartctl --smart=on --saveauto=on /dev/rdisk0 (Enables SMART on first disk)

 smartctl --attributes --log=selftest --quietmode=errorsonly /dev/disk0
                                       (Prints Self-Test & Attribute errors)

 smartctl -a IOService:/MacRISC2PE/pci@f4000000/AppleMacRiscPCI/ata-6@D/AppleKauaiATA/ATADeviceNub@0/IOATABlockStorageDriver/IOATABlockStorageDevice
                                                (You can use IOService: ...)

 smartctl -c IODeviceTree:/pci@f4000000/ata-6@D/@0:0
                                                      (... Or IODeviceTree:)
Retrieved from ‘https://wiki.indie-it.com/index.php?title=Hard_Disk_Drive&oldid=3437’